Secure blockchain based on semi-quantum network

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1671-1122.2026.08.006

Abstract

Abstract:

To address the problems that classical blockchains are difficult to resist quantum attacks, post-quantum blockchains lack rigorous security proofs, and the threshold for quantum blockchain nodes is excessively high, this paper proposed a secure blockchain architecture based on the semi-quantum network. First, a quantum hash function and a semi-quantum signature algorithm were used, whose security was realized based on the laws of physics, and which can effectively resist the attacks of quantum adversaries. Second, a bookkeeping node selection scheme based on the quantum voting protocol was used, aiming to solve the problem of the traditional DPoS consensus mechanism that cannot effectively resist the attack of quantum adversaries. Finally, in order to reduce the threshold of quantum blockchain node access, a transaction scheme based on semi-quantum designated verifier signatures was proposed. The security analysis shows that the scheme has good scalability and high operational efficiency while ensuring the security of the blockchain.

Key words: blockchain, semi-quantum cipher, semi-quantum blockchain, designated verifier signature, fuzzy set

CLC Number:

TP309

Han Yanyan, Du Yupeng, Yu Zhuozhou, Liu Ang, Liu Wen. Secure blockchain based on semi-quantum network[J]. Netinfo Security, 2026, 26(8): 1237-1249.

Figures/Tables 9

References 30

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区块链	安全性	可扩展性
后量子区块链	理论上对量子攻击安全，长期安全性不确定，算法可能对未来攻击脆弱	更易采用和扩展，依赖现有基础设施和技术，减少新硬件或重大系统变更的需求
量子区块链	由于量子特性（如不可克隆定理和纠缠）提供卓越安全性，难以实现未授权复制或篡改	难以采用和扩展，需要在量子基础设施上取得重大进展，以及开发新标准和协议以支持大规模部署
半量子区块链	相比经典区块链具有增强的安全性，利用量子技术（如量子密钥分发）进行安全通信	由于量子技术逐步融入经典系统，适度的采用和扩展挑战，需分阶段更新，过渡期较长

符号	含义
${{N}_{k}}$	第k位投票节点
${{d}_{k}}$	第k位投票节点在量子投票过程中生成的索引号
$C$	量子态测量时所采用的基，对于量子比特来说是由$\left\| 0 \right\rangle $和$\left\| 1 \right\rangle $组成的基础基态
${{\left\| j \right\rangle }_{c}}$	量子比特在计算基C下的状态，在C计算基下，${{\left\| 0 \right\rangle }_{C}}$表示量子比特处于0状态，${{\left\| 1 \right\rangle }_{C}}$表示量子比特处于1状态
$l$	扩展后的能级数，在本文中$l=2p+1$
${{r}_{j,k}}$	第j个投票者对第k个候选人的投票决定
$D_{p}^{p}$	基于索引号的一个排列组合
$resul{{t}_{j}}$	投票节点j对投票节点k的投票结果候选节点j的得票结果
${{t}_{{{N}_{i}}}}$	真隶属函数，表示在对${{N}_{i}}$投票中弃票的投票节点的赞同程度
${{f}_{{{N}_{i}}}}$	假隶属函数，表示在对${{N}_{i}}$投票中弃票的投票节点的反对程度
${{\mu }_{{{N}_{i}}}}$	模糊隶属函数，是对${{N}_{i}}$得票结果的模糊量化描述，用来描述投票节点对${{N}_{i}}$的赞同、反对的量化体现
$\lambda $	控制参数，用来调节投弃权票的态度，避免弃权票总是中立的
$T$	$\text{Trent}$生成的经典比特串，用于控制量子态制备；${{T}_{i}}$表示其第$i$位
$G$	抗量子哈希函数，用于生成经典控制比特串$T$
$I{{D}_{A}}$	$\text{Alice}$的经典身份标识
$I{{D}_{B}}$	$\text{Bob}$的经典身份标识
$s{{a}_{i}}$	$\text{Alice}$ 测量$SA$后得到的经典比特串
$SA$	$\text{Alice}$计算的中间经典值
${{K}_{AB}}$	$\text{Alice}$与$\text{Bob}$通过$\text{SQKD}$协议共享的经典密钥
$K$	由${{K}_{AB}}$和消息$M$生成的加密密钥
$vb$	签名验证值

节点类型	全量子能力	发布交易	验证交易	对候选区块投票	提出新区块
记账节点	√	√	√	√	√
代表节点	√	√	√	√	×
普通节点（交易验证方）	√	√	√	×	×
普通节点（交易发起方）	×	√	×	×	×

方案	是否抵御量子攻击	可扩展性是否良好	记账节点是否抵御单点故障	是否抵御算力无穷敌手攻击
文献[1]方案	×	√	×	×
文献[29]方案	√	×	×	√
文献[16]方案	√	×	√	√
文献[28]方案	√	√	×	×
本文方案	√	√	√	√