基于区块链的数据安全共享研究

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1671-1122.2026.01.001

信息网络安全 ›› 2026, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (1): 1-23.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-1122.2026.01.001

基于区块链的数据安全共享研究

郭毅¹^,², 李旭青¹(), 张子蛟³, 张宏涛³, 张连成², 张香丽³^,⁴

1.郑州大学网络空间安全学院，郑州 450002
2.网络空间部队信息工程大学网络空间安全学院，郑州 450001
3.郑州大学网络管理中心，郑州 450002
4.西北师范大学管理学院，兰州 730070

收稿日期:2025-07-22 出版日期:2026-01-10 发布日期:2026-02-13
通讯作者: 李旭青 hoshi2237@gs.zzu.edu.cn
作者简介:郭毅（1984—），男，福建，副教授，博士，主要研究方向为数据安全和下一代互联网安全|李旭青（2000—），男，河南，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为基于区块链的数据安全共享技术|张子蛟（1972—），男，河南，正高级工程师，本科，主要研究方向为区块链和智慧校园微服务体系|张宏涛（1977—），男，陕西，高级实验师，博士，主要研究方向为网络与系统安全、数据安全|张连成（1982—），男，河南，副教授，博士，主要研究方向为下一代互联网安全和IPv6网络安全|张香丽（1988—），女，河南，工程师，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为数据安全和数据治理
基金资助:
河南省自然科学基金(242300421415);国家电网有限公司科技项目(5700-202318300A-1-1-ZN)

A Review of Data Security Sharing Based on Blockchain

GUO Yi¹^,², LI Xuqing¹(), ZHANG Zijiao³, ZHANG Hongtao³, ZHANG Liancheng², ZHANG Xiangli³^,⁴

1. School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
2. School of Cyberspace Security, Cyberspace Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
3. Network Center of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
4. School of Management, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China

Received:2025-07-22 Online:2026-01-10 Published:2026-02-13

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

数据作为数字化时代的“新石油”，要挖掘其蕴含的重要价值，必须保障数据共享的绝对安全。传统数据安全共享模式存在集权化和信任缺失的问题，易引发“单点故障”。区块链技术具备去中心化、透明可追溯和不可篡改的特性，将其应用于数据共享领域，能够显著提升共享过程的安全性与可信性。文章对基于区块链的数据安全共享相关研究工作进行综述。首先，构建了基于区块链的数据安全共享模型，并阐释了数据存储、访问控制、数据传输及隐私保护这3种关键技术的概念与定义；然后，针对数据存储、访问控制、数据传输及隐私保护、跨链技术的相关研究，从基本思想、优缺点及适用场景3个维度展开详细分析与对比；最后，探讨了当前基于区块链的数据安全共享面临的权限动态调整困难、数据隐私与透明性冲突等核心问题，并提出了若干可行的解决思路，同时对未来研究方向进行了展望。

关键词: 区块链, 数据存储, 访问控制, 数据传输及隐私保护, 跨链

Abstract:

Data, the “new oil” of the digital age, must be shared with absolute security to unlock its significant value. Traditional data security sharing models suffer from centralization and trust challenges, and can prone to “single point of failure”. Blockchain has the characteristics of decentralization, transparency and immutability, and the integration of blockchain technology and data sharing can enhance its security and credibility. This paper provides an overview of blockchain-based data security sharing research. Initially, it presented a data security sharing model based on blockchain, and expounded the concepts and definitions of three key technologies: data storage, access control, data transmission and privacy protection. Subsequently, it offered a detailed analysis and comparison of the basic concepts, advantages and disadvantages, and applicable scenarios of research related to data storage, access control, consensus mechanism, secure transmission, and cross chain technology. Finally, we discussed key issues regarding blockchain-based data security sharing, such as the challenges of dynamically adjusting permissions, conflicts between data privacy and transparency, and offered some feasible solutions and future directions.

Key words: blockchain, data storage, access control, data transmission and privacy protection, cross chain

中图分类号:

TP309

郭毅, 李旭青, 张子蛟, 张宏涛, 张连成, 张香丽. 基于区块链的数据安全共享研究[J]. 信息网络安全, 2026, 26(1): 1-23.

GUO Yi, LI Xuqing, ZHANG Zijiao, ZHANG Hongtao, ZHANG Liancheng, ZHANG Xiangli. A Review of Data Security Sharing Based on Blockchain[J]. Netinfo Security, 2026, 26(1): 1-23.

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文献	主要贡献	数据存储	链上链下一致性	访问控制	数据传输与隐私保护	跨链数据共享
文献[9]	综述区块链数据共享与交换方案，分析架构、安全及交易机制	√	×	×	√	×
文献[10]	从数据存储、共享和用户3个层次对现有研究进行分析	√	×	×	√	×
本文	对数据共享关键环节进行分析和讨论，并延伸到跨链数据共享	√	√	√	√	√

存储设施	文献	核心思想	容灾性	扩展性	上链时延 /ms	应用场景	区块链配置
存储设施	文献	核心思想	容灾性	扩展性	上链时延 /ms	应用场景	多链	类型	实现
云存储	文献[26]	存储文件的Merkle哈希树及群签名	中	高	—	—	×	私有链	Truffle
	文献[16]	存储密文和标签并支持部分密文更新	中	高	—	物联网	×	私有链	Substrate
	文献[27]	使用集中式云核对数据交易	中	高	—	物联网	×	—	—
	文献[13]	共享数据分层加密并存储	中	高	—	—	×	—	—
IPFS	文献[30]	多区块链、IPFS和MongoDB联合存储	高	中	2073	电力网络	√	联盟链	Hyperledger
	文献[31]	双链隔离用户信息、IPFS存储共享数据	高	中	1045	—	√	联盟链	Hyperledger
	文献[32]	私有IPFS集群与区块链联合存储	高	中	—	主数据管理	×	联盟链	Hyperledger
本地存储	文献[15]	用户在本地进行联邦学习间接共享数据	低	低	—	—	×	联盟链	—
	文献[37]	采用本地服务器存储数据	低	低	279	医疗系统	√	私有和联盟链	—
	文献[14]	本地数据经隐私计算处理后再进行传输	低	低	—	—	×	联盟链	—

类型	策略	文献	核心思想	细粒度	用户驱动	属性撤销	加密开销 /ms	解密开销 /ms	应用场景
基于密码学的访问控制	属性基加密	文献[11]	使用线性秘密共享矩阵制定的访问策略加密明文	√	×	×	—	—	—
		文献[13]	属性密钥加密分级对称密钥，不同权限解密不同级别的密钥	√	×	×	101.2	26.4	—
		文献[21]	用户属性变化时更新用户属性密钥	√	×	√	937.6	277.0	供应链
	门限秘密共享	文献[25]	共享用户数量大于阈值t时恢复密钥	×	×	×	—	—	—
	公钥密码学	文献[37]	有权限直接解密，无权限代理重加密后解密	×	×	×	607.0	279.0	医疗
	公钥密码学	文献[16]	基于公钥、环公钥的加密和签名	×	×	×	117.0	240.0	物联网
基于区块链的访问控制	区块链存证	文献[22]	权限列表重加密密钥动态关联	×	√	√	158.1	40.9	—
		文献[23]	模糊属性集保护用户隐私	√	×	×	1220.0	446.0	—
		文献[68]	私有链共享和联盟链共享、根据身份目的细分权限	×	√	×	32.0	41.0	医疗
	智能合约	文献[31]	多权限属性加密与智能合约结合	√	√	√	159.0	48.0	—
		文献[33]	区块链密钥管理、智能合约验证权限	×	×	×	—	—	—
		文献[69]	分层属性加密与智能合约结合	√	√	×	834.0	50.0	物联网

类型	文献及方法	数据安全机制	匿名性	隐私性	可追溯性	不可抵赖性	应用场景
身份匿名与验证技术	组签名^[26]	组签名、匿名数据共享	√	×	√	√	群体数据共享
	环签名^[16]	环签名派生的公钥加密和知识签名	√	×	×	√	物联网
	部分盲签名^[53]	一次性公钥地址和盲化支付信息	×	√	×	×	物联网
计算过程隐私技术	联邦学习^[15]	联邦学习、同态加密、间接数据共享	√	√	×	×	—
	零知识证明^[73]	安全验证数据共享各方声明和真实性	√	√	×	×	医疗系统
	安全多方计算^[14]	多方联合计算、解决数据孤岛问题	×	√	×	×	金融数据共享
	可信执行环境^[74]	代码和数据放入SGX中执行	×	√	√	√	—
数据内容隐私技术	差分隐私^[11]	本地差分隐私模糊敏感数据	×	√	×	×	—
	代理重加密^[29]	权限列表和重加密参数动态关联	√	×	×	×	个人数据共享
	分布式密钥生成^[82]	没有可信第三方的情况下生成密钥值	×	√	×	√	金融数据共享
	匿名密钥生成^[21]	用户和属性权威结构的协商生成密钥	√	×	×	×	供应链信息共享

类型	信任模型	中心化风险	资产交换	资产转移	实现机制
公证人	可信第三方	√	√	√	可信第三方验证和转发跨链信息
侧链	无需可信第三方	×	√	√	双向锚定机制
哈希锁定	无需可信第三方	×	√	×	哈希锁和时间锁、智能合约

基于区块链的数据安全共享研究

A Review of Data Security Sharing Based on Blockchain

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