Blockchain Scaling Solutions: ZK-Rollup Review

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1671-1122.2024.07.005

Abstract

Abstract:

Blockchain application systems have achieved remarkable progress in the global market in recent years. With the proliferation of blockchain technology across various sectors such as finance, healthcare, energy, and the Internet of Things, the volume of transactions has surged, thereby exacerbating issues related to scalability and transaction costs. Addressing these challenges has turned Layer-1 and Layer-2 scaling technologies into focal points of research, with numerous methods proposed to mitigate these issues. This paper provided a concise overview of Layer-1 solutions and primarily delved into various Layer-2 solutions, comparing their respective advantages and limitations. This paper placed particular emphasis on the ZK-Rollup solution, delving into its underlying principles and examining its advantages in addressing scalability and reducing transaction fees. Furthermore, it identified potential challenges associated with ZK-Rollup technology, including security, privacy protection, and compatibility with other blockchain systems. In response to these challenges, the paper proposed possible improvements and optimizations, aiming to provide new insights and methodologies for enhancing blockchain scalability and transaction efficiency.

Key words: blockchain, ZK-Rollup, Layer-1, Layer-2

CLC Number:

TP309

ZHANG Jiwei, WANG Wenjun, NIU Shaozhang, GUO Xiangkuo. Blockchain Scaling Solutions: ZK-Rollup Review[J]. Netinfo Security, 2024, 24(7): 1027-1037.

Figures/Tables 10

References 59

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参数	以太坊/B	Rollup/B
Nonce	3	0
Gasprice	8	0~0.5
Gas	3	0~0.5
To	21	4
Value	9	3
Signature	68	0.5
From	0	4
总计	112	12

方案名称	优势	劣势
侧链（Sidechains）	独立网络，与主链资产互通	安全性依赖信任假设
状态通道（State Channels）	快速低成本交易	依赖区块链系统活力
Plasma	子链独立共识，提高吞吐量	数据可用性与同步挑战
Validiums	链下执行，高扩展性	需信任第三方，数据不可用问题
Optimistic Rollup	降低交易成本，提高效率	退出周期长

	可信设置	证明者算法复杂度	验证者时间复杂度	证明大小 /B	生成证明时间 /s	验证证明时间/ms	参考文献
ZK-SNARKs	需要	O(nlogn)	O(1)	288	2.3	10	[31][36][37]
Bulletproofs	不需要	O(nlogn)	O(n)	1000	30	1100	[33][33][36][37]
Sonic	需要	O(nlogn)	O(logn)	2000	5	100	[34][36]
ZK-STARKs	不需要	O(npoly-logn)	O(poly-logn)	45000	1.6	16	[32][36][37][38]
Plonk	需要	O(nlogn)	O(1)	1000	4	50	[35][36]

事务类型	事务大小/B	Gas消耗/次
现货交易	28	448
转移	22	352
存款	38	608
账户更新	65	1040
取款	67	1072
签名验证	56	896

	编程语言	兼容性	交易费类型	零知识证明算法	支付费用 /美元	交换费用 /美元	支付费用节省率	交换费用节省率
Polygon ZKEVM	Solidity	完全兼容EVM	仅限ETH	ZK-STARKS/ZK-SNARKS	0.12	1.68	88%	32%
Loopring	Solidity	不兼容EVM	任何ERC-20代币	ZK-SNARKS	0.03	0.62	97%	88%
Scroll	Solidity	完全兼容EVM	仅限ETH	ZK-SNARKS	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
ZKSync Era	Yul	仅语言兼容	任何ERC-20代币	ZK-SNARKS	0.05	N/A	95%	N/A
StarkNet	Cairo	仅语言兼容	STRK或者ETH	ZK-STARKS	0.11	0.36	89%	93%