TEE-Based Federated Learning Platform

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1671-1122.2026.05.010

Abstract

Abstract:

This paper presented a confidential federated learning platform (CFLP) based on trusted execution environments (TEEs) for typical vision tasks, aiming to evaluate the security-efficiency-accuracy trade-off of different privacy-enhancing technologies in federated learning. The platform utilized intel trust domain extensions (TDX) and software guard extensions (SGX) as its core architecture, while incorporating homomorphic encryption (HE) and secure multi-party computation (MPC) as performance comparison benchmarks. Systematic comparative experiments were conducted using this platform in high-dimensional vision task scenarios involving the CIFAR-10 dataset and the ResNet-18 model. The results indicate that, while maintaining baseline accuracy, the TDX-based TEE scheme provided virtual-machine-level hardware protection with only an approximately 1.3% increase in end-to-end latency, outperforming SGX, HE, and MPC in comprehensive performance. Although HE offers formally verifiable security, it increased the single-round training latency and communication overhead to approximately 9 times and 21 times that of the baseline, respectively, resulting in significant computational overhead. MPC exhibited limitations in the trade-off between time and communication costs. This study clarifies the applicable boundaries of various technical solutions, demonstrating that for secure aggregation scenarios involving high-dimensional models, TDX is a favorable option for balancing security requirements and performance overhead.

Key words: federated learning, privacy protection, confidential computing, trusted execution environment

CLC Number:

TP309

LI Zihao, ZHANG Fengwei. TEE-Based Federated Learning Platform[J]. Netinfo Security, 2026, 26(5): 788-808.

Figures/Tables 19

References 39

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对比维度	横向联邦学习	纵向联邦学习
数据划分	特征相同,样本不同	样本重叠,特征不同
核心挑战	模型参数的安全聚合	加密实体对齐与联合建模
典型场景	不同医院间的医疗影像分析	银行与电商的联合信用评分
聚合内容	完整的模型参数或梯度	加密的中间计算结果

特性	Intel® SGX	Arm TrustZone	Intel® TDX	AMD SEV-SNP	Arm CCA
隔离粒度	进程级(Enclave)	系统分区级 (Normal / Secure World)	虚拟机级 (Trust Domain)	虚拟机级 (Encrypted VM)	虚拟机级 (Realm)
部署模型	代码重构/ LibOS	专用可信OS / APP	直接迁移	直接迁移	直接迁移
内存容量	SGX1受EPC限制SGX2支持动态内存	受限于系统配置	支持整个 VM 内存	支持整个 VM 内存	支持整个Realm内存
可信基(TCB)	应用代码 SGX 硬件	可信OS / APP Arm 硬件	客户机操作系统TDX 硬件	客户机操作系统 AMD-SP硬件	Realm 操作系统 Arm CCA 硬件 RMM
I/O 模型	OCALL 委托不可信主机	委托给非安全世界的OS处理	由客户机操作系统驱动处理	通过共享内存由客户机驱动处理	通过共享内存由客户机驱动处理
性能开销	频繁的 Enclave 转换开销高	世界切换(World Switch)开销较高	计算开销低,完整性检查引入额外开销	计算开销低,完整性检查引入额外开销	理论开销低（待大规模硬件验证）
生态	成熟,研究多,已知攻击多	成熟,数十亿移动/IoT设备的基础	较新,云支持增长快	已在主流云平台广泛部署	发展初期,硬件生态正在构建

模型名称	适配数据集	参数量 / M (10⁶)	模型体积 / MB	实验定位
SimpleCNN	MNIST ($1\times 28\times 28$)	0.58	2.3	功能验证
ResNet-18	CIFAR-10 ($3\times 32~\times 32~$)	11.17	44.6	真实场景模拟

组件	项目	规格参数
服务器宿主机	CPU	Intel® Xeon® Silver 4510 @2.40 GHz (12 Physical Cores)
	RAM	128 GB DDR5
	Kernel	Linux 6.8.0-tetd (TDX/SGX Enabled)
	TEE Support	Intel® SGX2 (EPC: 128 MB)& Intel® TDX 1.0
机密虚拟机	vCPU	12 vCPUs (KVM Virtualization)
	RAM	16 GB Allocated
	OS	Ubuntu 24.04.2 LTS (Kernel 6.8.0-generic)
客户端节点	CPU	2 × Intel® Xeon® Silver 4510 (48 Threads)
	RAM	512 GB DDR5
	GPU	NVIDIA H100 PCIe (80 GB HBM3)
软件环境	Framework	PyTorch 2.9.1 (CUDA 12.8), Python 3.12
	TEE Runtime	Gramine 1.9 (for SGX Enclave)
	Deployment	Docker 29.0.4

学习模式	模型架构	数据集	数据分布	准确率	收敛 Epoch/轮	通信体积	本地—全局精度差
集中训练	SimpleCNN	MNIST	—	98.82%± 0.12%	5.0	—	—
联邦学习			IID	99.28%± 0.04%	27.0 (5.4×5)	71.94 MB	0.42%±0.12%
联邦学习			Non-IID	98.94%± 0.12%	32.0 (6.4×5)	85.26 MB	3.06%±0.61%
集中训练	ResNet-18	CIFAR-10	—	90.58%± 0.43%	38.2	—	—
联邦学习			IID	91.92%± 0.26%	82.0 (16.4×5)	4.10 GB	3.68%±0.54%
联邦学习			Non-IID	89.70%± 1.03%	180.0 (36.0×5)	8.99 GB	12.80%±1.99%