基于半量子网络的安全区块链

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1671-1122.2026.08.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对经典区块链难以抵御量子攻击、后量子区块链缺乏严格安全证明，以及量子区块链节点门槛过高等问题，文章提出一种基于半量子网络的安全区块链架构。首先，采用量子哈希函数和半量子签名算法，其安全性基于物理定律实现，能够有效抵御量子敌手的攻击。其次，使用一种基于量子投票协议的记账节点选择方案，旨在解决传统委托权益证明（DPoS）共识机制无法有效抵御量子敌手攻击的问题。最后，为降低量子区块链节点接入的门槛，提出基于半量子指定验证者签名的交易方案。安全性分析表明，该区块链架构方案在保证区块链安全性的同时，具备良好的可扩展性与较高的运行效率。

关键词: 区块链, 半量子密码, 半量子区块链, 指定验证者签名, 模糊集

Abstract:

To address the problems that classical blockchains are difficult to resist quantum attacks, post-quantum blockchains lack rigorous security proofs, and the threshold for quantum blockchain nodes is excessively high, this paper proposed a secure blockchain architecture based on the semi-quantum network. First, a quantum hash function and a semi-quantum signature algorithm were used, whose security was realized based on the laws of physics, and which can effectively resist the attacks of quantum adversaries. Second, a bookkeeping node selection scheme based on the quantum voting protocol was used, aiming to solve the problem of the traditional DPoS consensus mechanism that cannot effectively resist the attack of quantum adversaries. Finally, in order to reduce the threshold of quantum blockchain node access, a transaction scheme based on semi-quantum designated verifier signatures was proposed. The security analysis shows that the scheme has good scalability and high operational efficiency while ensuring the security of the blockchain.

Key words: blockchain, semi-quantum cipher, semi-quantum blockchain, designated verifier signature, fuzzy set

中图分类号:

TP309

韩妍妍, 杜雨芃, 余卓洲, 刘昂, 刘雯. 基于半量子网络的安全区块链[J]. 信息网络安全, 2026, 26(8): 1237-1249.

Han Yanyan, Du Yupeng, Yu Zhuozhou, Liu Ang, Liu Wen. Secure blockchain based on semi-quantum network[J]. Netinfo Security, 2026, 26(8): 1237-1249.

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符号	含义
${{N}_{k}}$	第k位投票节点
${{d}_{k}}$	第k位投票节点在量子投票过程中生成的索引号
$C$	量子态测量时所采用的基，对于量子比特来说是由$\left\| 0 \right\rangle $和$\left\| 1 \right\rangle $组成的基础基态
${{\left\| j \right\rangle }_{c}}$	量子比特在计算基C下的状态，在C计算基下，${{\left\| 0 \right\rangle }_{C}}$表示量子比特处于0状态，${{\left\| 1 \right\rangle }_{C}}$表示量子比特处于1状态
$l$	扩展后的能级数，在本文中$l=2p+1$
${{r}_{j,k}}$	第j个投票者对第k个候选人的投票决定
$D_{p}^{p}$	基于索引号的一个排列组合
$resul{{t}_{j}}$	投票节点j对投票节点k的投票结果候选节点j的得票结果
${{t}_{{{N}_{i}}}}$	真隶属函数，表示在对${{N}_{i}}$投票中弃票的投票节点的赞同程度
${{f}_{{{N}_{i}}}}$	假隶属函数，表示在对${{N}_{i}}$投票中弃票的投票节点的反对程度
${{\mu }_{{{N}_{i}}}}$	模糊隶属函数，是对${{N}_{i}}$得票结果的模糊量化描述，用来描述投票节点对${{N}_{i}}$的赞同、反对的量化体现
$\lambda $	控制参数，用来调节投弃权票的态度，避免弃权票总是中立的
$T$	$\text{Trent}$生成的经典比特串，用于控制量子态制备；${{T}_{i}}$表示其第$i$位
$G$	抗量子哈希函数，用于生成经典控制比特串$T$
$I{{D}_{A}}$	$\text{Alice}$的经典身份标识
$I{{D}_{B}}$	$\text{Bob}$的经典身份标识
$s{{a}_{i}}$	$\text{Alice}$ 测量$SA$后得到的经典比特串
$SA$	$\text{Alice}$计算的中间经典值
${{K}_{AB}}$	$\text{Alice}$与$\text{Bob}$通过$\text{SQKD}$协议共享的经典密钥
$K$	由${{K}_{AB}}$和消息$M$生成的加密密钥
$vb$	签名验证值

节点类型	全量子能力	发布交易	验证交易	对候选区块投票	提出新区块
记账节点	√	√	√	√	√
代表节点	√	√	√	√	×
普通节点（交易验证方）	√	√	√	×	×
普通节点（交易发起方）	×	√	×	×	×

方案	是否抵御量子攻击	可扩展性是否良好	记账节点是否抵御单点故障	是否抵御算力无穷敌手攻击
文献[1]方案	×	√	×	×
文献[29]方案	√	×	×	√
文献[16]方案	√	×	√	√
文献[28]方案	√	√	×	×
本文方案	√	√	√	√