Threat Analysis and Detection Techniques of Hardware Trojans

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1671-1122.2016.01.003

Abstract

Abstract:

Software virus has been considered as the only security threat of a computer system, while the IC (integrated circuit) used in a computer system is considered trusted and secure until the emergency of hardware Trojan. The hardware Trojan is formed by malicious modification during designing and manufacturing, which changes the function and performance of ICs. Different hardware Trojans cause different impact on ICs, like changing the function, leaking internal information or assisting software virus attack. As the design complexity and cost of IC designing and manufacturing continue growing, IC industry relies on the global cooperation which enhances the vulnerability to hardware Trojan attacks. In the paper, we analyze the threat of hardware Trojan attack including the attacking model and Trojan taxonomy, introduce the latest research efforts on detection techniques, and finally describe the area of potential future research.

Key words: hardware Trojan, IP security verification, side-channel analysis, logic test, optical analysis

CLC Number:

TP309

Yu ZHOU, Zongguang YU. Threat Analysis and Detection Techniques of Hardware Trojans[J]. Netinfo Security, 2016, 16(1): 11-17.

Figures/Tables 13

References 30

[1]	DEFENSE SIENCE BOARD.Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on High Performance Microchip Supply [R]. Washington DC: Defense Science Board, Feb 2005.
[2]	LIEBERMAN J.White Paper: National Security Aspects of the Global Migration of the U.S. Semiconductor Industry[R]. Airland Subcommittee, US Senate Armed Services Committee, June 2003.
[3]	ADEE S.The Hunt for the Kill Switch[J]. IEEE Spectrum, 2008, 45(5): 34-39.
[4]	MUTSCHLER A S.SEMI:Semi Equipment Industry Stands to Lose up to $4B Annually due to IP Infringements[J]. Electronic News, 2008,54(18):17-22.
[5]	DEAN COLLINS.Trust in Integrated Circuits and 3rd Party IP[C]//IEEE. International Workshop on Hardware-Oriented Trust Security,2008, Anaheim, CA. New York:IEEE. 2008:19-30.
[6]	AGRAWAL D, BAKTIR S, KARAKOYUNLU D, et al.Trojan Detection Using IC Fingerprinting[C]//IEEE. Symposium on Security and Privacy, 2007, Berkeley, California. New York: IEEE, 2007:296-310.
[7]	ABRAMOVICI M, BRADLEY P.Integrated Circuit Security New Threats and Solutions[C]//ACM. 5th Annual Workshop on Cyber Security Information Intellengence Research,2009. Oak Ridge,USA. New York:ACM, 2009:25-27.
[8]	CHAKRABORTY R S.Hardware Trojan: Threats and Emerging Solutions[C//IEEE. International High Level Design Validation Test Workshop,2009, San Francisco, CA. New York:IEEE, 2009:166-171.
[9]	LIN L, BURLESON W, PARR C.MOLES: Malicious Off-Chip Leakage Enabled by Side-Channels[C]//IEEE. International Conference on Computer-Aided Design, 2009, San Jose, CA. New York: IEEE, 2009:117-122.
[10]	KING S.Designing and Implementing Malicious Hardware[C]//USENIX. 1st Usenix Workshop on Large-Scale Exploits and Emergent Threats, 2008, San Francisco, CA. Berkeley: USENIX Association,2008:1-8.
[11]	Tehranipoor M, Koushanfar F.A survey of Hardware Trojan Taxonomy and Detection[J]. IEEE Design Test Comput., 2010, 27(1) : 10-25.
[12]	RAJENDRAN J.Towards a Comprehensive and Systematic Classification of Hardware Trojans[C]//IEEE. International Symposium on Circuits and Systems,2010, Pairs. New York: IEEE, 2010:1871-1874.
[13]	KARRI R, RAJENDRAN J, ROSENFELD K, et al.Trustworthy Hardware: Identifying and Classifying Hardware Trojans[J]. IEEE Computer, 2011, 43(10):39-46.
[14]	BANGA M, HSIAO M.Trusted RTL: Trojan Detection Methodology in Pre-silicon Designs[C]//IEEE. International Workshop on Hardware-Oriented Trust Security,2010, Anaheim,CA. New York: IEEE.2010:56-59.
[15]	SMITH S, DI J.Detecting Malicious Logic through Structural Checking[C]//IEEE. Region 5 Technical Conference, 2007, Fayetteville, AR. New York:IEEE, 2007:217-222.
[16]	ACHARYYA D, PLUSQUELLIC J.Calibrating Power Supply Signal Measurements for Process and Probe Card Variations[C]//IEEE. International Workshop on Current Defect Based Test,2004, Napa Valley, CA. New York:IEEE, 2004:23-30.
[17]	JIN Y, MAKRIS Y.Hardware Trojan Detection Using Path Delay Fingerprint[C]//IEEE. International Workshop on Hardware-Oriented Trust Security, 2008, Anaheim,CA. New York:IEEE, 2008:51-57.
[18]	ALKABANI Y, KOUSHANFAR F.Consistency-based Characterization for IC Trojan Detection[C]//IEEE. International Conference on Comput-aided Design, 2009, San Jose, CA. New York:IEEE, 2009:123-127.
[19]	POTKONJAK M, NAHAPETIAN A, NELSON M, et al.Hardware Trojan Horse Detection Using Gate-level Characterization[C]//IEEE. Proc. Design Automation Conference, 2009.San Francisco, CA. New York:IEEE, 2009:688-693.
[20]	RAI D, LACH J.Performance of Delay-Based Trojan Detection Techniques under Parameter Variations[C]//IEEE. IEEE International Workshop on Hardware-Oriented Security Trust,2009, Francisco, CA. New York:IEEE, 2009:58-65.
[21]	AARESTAD J, ACHARYYA D, RAD R, et al.Detecting Trojans though Leakage Current Analysis Using Multiple Supply Pad IDDQs[J]. IEEE Transaction on Information Forensics Security, 2010, 5(4): 893-904.
[22]	LAMECH C, RAD R M, Tehranipoor M, et al. An experimental Analysis of Power and Delay Signal-to-noise Requirements for Detecting Trojans and Methods for Achieving the Required Detection Sensitivities[J]. IEEE Transaction on Information. Forensics Security, 2011,6(3), pt. 2 : 1170-1179.
[23]	NARASIMHAN S.Hardware Trojan Detection by Multiple-parameter Side-channel Analysis[J]. IEEE Transaction on Computers. 2013,62(10): 2183-2195.
[24]	CHAKRABORTY RS, WOLFF F, PAUL S, PAPACHRISTOU C, et al.A Statistical Approach for Hardware Trojan Detection[C]//Springer. Workshop on Cryptographic. Hardware Embedded System, 2009, Lausanne. Berling:Springer 2009:396-410.
[25]	SALMANI H, TEHRANIPOOR M, PLUSQUELLIC J.A novel Technique for Improving Hardware Trojan Detection and Reducing Trojan Activation Time[J]. IEEE Transaction on Very Large Scale Integrated System, 2011, 20(1): 112-125.
[26]	ELENA DUBROVA.Keyed Logic BIST for Trojan Detection in SoC[C]//IEEE. International Symposium on System-on-Chip, 2014, Tampere. New York:IEEE, 2014:1-4.
[27]	BHUNIA S.Protection Against Hardware Trojan Attacks: Towards A Comprehensive Solution[J]. IEEE Design and Test of Computers, 2013, 30(3) : 6-17.
[28]	SONG P.Malicious Alteration Recognition and Verification by Emission of Light[C]//IEEE. International Symposium on Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust, 2011, San Diego, CA. New York:IEEE, 2011:117-121.
[29]	STELLARI F.Testing and Diagnostics of CMOS Circuits Using Light Emission from Off-state Leakage Current[J]. IEEE Transaction on Electron Devices, 2004, 51(9): 1455-1462.
[30]	STELLARI F.Verification of Untrusted Chips Using Trusted Layout and Emission Measurements[C]//IEEE. International Symposium on Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust, 2014, Arlington, VA. New York:IEEE, 2014:19-24.