基于半监督学习的网络异常检测研究综述

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1671-1122.2024.04.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

网络流量数据的获取较为容易，而对流量数据进行标记相对困难。半监督学习利用少量有标签数据和大量无标签数据进行训练，减少了对有标签数据的需求，能较好适应海量网络流量数据下的异常检测。文章对近年来的半监督网络异常检测领域的论文进行深入调研。首先，介绍了一些基本概念，并深入剖析了网络异常检测中使用半监督学习策略的必要性；然后，从半监督机器学习、半监督深度学习和半监督学习结合其他范式三个方面，分析和比较了半监督网络异常检测领域近年来的论文，并进行归纳和总结；最后，对当前半监督网络异常检测领域进行了现状分析和未来展望。

关键词: 半监督学习, 标签稀缺, 入侵检测, 异常检测

Abstract:

The acquisition of network traffic data is relatively easy, while marking the traffic data is comparatively challenging. Semi-supervised learning utilizes a small amount of labeled data and a large amount of unlabeled data for training, reducing the demand for labeled data and effectively adapting to anomaly detection in massive network traffic data. This paper conducted an in-depth investigation into the field of semi-supervised network anomaly detection in recent years. Firstly, it introduced some basic concepts and thoroughly analyzes the necessity of using semi-supervised learning strategies in network anomaly detection. Then, from the perspectives of semi-supervised machine learning, semi-supervised deep learning, and the combination of semi-supervised learning with other paradigms, it analyzed and compared the recent literature on semi-supervised network anomaly detection and summarized the findings. Finally, the current status and future prospects of the field of semi-supervised network anomaly detection were analyzed.

Key words: semi-supervised learning, label scarcity, intrusion detection, anomaly detection

中图分类号:

TP309

张浩, 谢大智, 胡云晟, 叶骏威. 基于半监督学习的网络异常检测研究综述[J]. 信息网络安全, 2024, 24(4): 491-508.

ZHANG Hao, XIE Dazhi, HU Yunsheng, YE Junwei. A Review of Network Anomaly Detection Based on Semi-Supervised Learning[J]. Netinfo Security, 2024, 24(4): 491-508.

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方案	年份	半监督机器学习	半监督深度学习	半监督结合其他范式	半监督网络异常检测必要性分析	现有问题分析	未来展望
文献[10]方案	2016	聚类、分类	×	×	×	×	×
文献[11]方案	2022	聚类、分类	×	×	×	√	×
本文方案	2024	聚类、分类	自动编码器、生成对抗网络、对抗自编码器	增量学习、主动学习、联邦学习	标签数据稀缺、数据不平衡、特征维度高	√	√

应用场景	时间	数据集	攻击类型
传统网络	1999	KDD CUP99^[18]	DoS，Probe，U2R，R2L
	2004	NSL-KDD^[19]	DoS，Probe，U2R，R2L
	2015	UNSW-NB15^[20]	Fuzzers，Analysis，Backdoors，DoS，Exploits，Generic，Reconnaissance，Shellcode，Worms
	2017	CIC-IDS2017^[21]	Brute Force，Heartbleed，Botnet，DoS，DDoS，Web Attack，Infiltration
	2018	CSE-CIC-IDS2018^[22]	Brute Force，Heartbleed，Botnet，DoS，DDoS，Web Attack，Infiltration
	2011	Kyoto2006+^[23]	Attack Session
	2012	ISCX-2012^[24]	Brute Force，Infiltration，DoS，DDoS
	2018	CTU^[25]	Sathurbot，Trickster，TrickBot，Dridex，WebCompanion，Viaxmr，Trojan，CoinMiner，HTBot，Ursnif
物联网	2020	TON_IoT^[26]	Scanning，DoS，DDoS，Ransomware，Backdoor，Injection，XSS，Password，MITM
	2018	N-BaIoT^[27]	BASHLITE Attacks, Mirai Attacks
	2018	Kitsune^[28]	Active Wiretap，ARP MitM，Fuzzing，Mirai Botnet，OS Scan，SSDP Flood，SSL Renegotiation，SYN DoS，Video Injection
	2015	SWaT^[29]	False Data Injection
	2014	SCADA^[30]	Reconnaissance，Response Injection，Command Injection，DoS
	2019	Car Hacking^[31]	DoS，Fuzzy，Gear Spoofing，RPM Spoofing

真实情况	预测情况
真实情况	异常流量	正常流量
异常流量	TP	FN
正常流量	FP	TN

方案	网络类型	方法	数据集	主要评价指标
文献[43]方案	传统网络	采用半监督聚类方法进行特征选择	UNSW-NB15	Accuracy=98.81%、FPR=0.78%、DR=98.88%
文献[44]方案	传统网络	半监督K-Means算法	CIC-IDS2017	Accuracy=79.60%
文献[45]方案	传统网络	半监督加权K-Means算法	DARPA、CAIDA、 CIC-IDS2017、real-world dataset	DARPA: FPR=1.40%、Recall=99.68% CAIDA: FPR=0%、Recall=99.00% CICIDS: FPR=28.72%、Recall=98.86% real-world dataset: FPR=0.20%、Recall=99.75%
文献[46]方案	传统网络	半监督多层聚类模型	NSL-KDD、Kyoto2006+	NSL-KDD: Accuracy=99.59%、DR=99.51%、FAR=0.34% Kyoto2006+: Accuracy=99.39%、DR=99.72%、FAR=0.89%

方案	网络类型	方法	数据集	主要评价指标
文献[47]方案	传统网络	一种基于自训练和标准增强的半监督学习方法	NSL-KDD	Accuracy=82.87%
文献[48]方案	传统网络	自训练支持向量机	NSL-KDD、KDD CUP99	NSL-KDD: Accuracy=99.6%、Precision=99%、Recall=99%、F1-Score=99% KDD corrected: Accuracy=99.11%、Precision=98%、Recall=99%、F1-Score=99%
文献[49]方案	传统网络	自训练混合决策树	CIC-IDS2017、 Kitsune、 Stratosphere IPS 5a、Stratosphere IPS 5b	CIC-IDS2017: Precision=65.0%、 Recall=83.3%:、 F1-Score=68.5% Kitsune: Precision=86.1%、 Recall=88.3%、 F1-Score=85.9% Stratosphere IPS 5a: Precision=79.1%、 Recall=71.5%、 F1-Score=74.2% Stratosphere IPS 5b: Precision=80.2%、 Recall=72.0%、 F1-Score=74.9%
文献[52]方案	物联网	基于分歧的半监督学习	KDD CUP99、Real-world IoT network environment	KDD CUP99: Error rate=10.5%、 Hit rate=92.48% Real-world IoT network environment: Error rate=7.3%、Hit rate=94.23%
文献[41]方案	传统网络	改进的基于分层采样的Tri-LightGBM	UNSW-NB15、 CIC-IDS2017	UNSW-NB15: Accuracy=94.48%、Recall=94.25%、Precision=93.57%、F-measure=93.91%、FPR=5.01% CIC-IDS2017: Accuracy=98.04%、Recall=97.85%、Precision=99.06%、F-measure=98.44%、FPR=1.61%
文献[53]方案	物联网	标签扩散算法	TON_IoT	Accuracy=99.84%
文献[54]方案	智能电网	标签传播算法	CER dataset	Attack-1: Accuracy=98.5%、Precision=89.0%、 F1-Score=97.0% Attack-2: Accuracy=75.7%、Precision=69.23%、 F1-Score=89.5%