区块链中的智能合约

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1671-1122.2018.11.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

智能合约是部署在区块链上的可执行代码,可不依赖中心机构自动化地代表各签署方执行合约。因其具有强制执行性、防篡改性和可验证性等特点,可以应用到很多场景中。过去几年中,已经出现很多可以部署智能合约的区块链平台,其中一些已经在实际中实施和使用。文章首先对智能合约的定义和性质进行描述;然后分析各个区块链平台中的智能合约,并对应用最广泛的比特币、以太坊和超级账本等区块链系统中的智能合约进行重点阐述;最后指出智能合约存在的问题和解决方法。

关键词: 区块链, 智能合约, 比特币, 以太坊, 超级账本

Abstract:

Smart contracts are executable code that is deployed on the blockchain and can be executed on behalf of the signatories automatically, independent of the central authority. Due to its enforceability, tamper resistance and verifiability, it can be applied to many scenarios. In the past few years, there have been many blockchain platforms where smart contracts can be deployed, some of which have actually been implemented and used. This paper first describes the definition and nature of smart contract, then analyzes the smart contract in each blockchain platform, and the intelligence in the most widely used blockchain systems of Bitcoin, Ethereum and Hyperledger. The contract was highlighted. Finally, the problems and solutions in the smart contract are pointed out.

Key words: blockchain, smart contract, Bitcoin, Ethereum, Hyperledger

中图分类号:

TP309

马春光, 安婧, 毕伟, 袁琪. 区块链中的智能合约[J]. 信息网络安全, 2018, 18(11): 8-17.

Chunguang MA, Jing AN, Wei BI, Qi YUAN. Smart Contract in Blockchain[J]. Netinfo Security, 2018, 18(11): 8-17.

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	准入机制	数据模型	共识算法	智能合约执行环境	智能合约语言
Bitcoin	公有链	基于交易	PoW	脚本引擎	基于栈的脚本
Ethereum	公有链	基于账户	Pow, PoS	EVM	Solidity, Serpent, LLL
CounterParty	公有链	基于交易	--	脚本引擎	Solidity, Serpent, LLL
Quorum	公有链	基于账户	Raft	EVM	GoLang
Monax	公有链	基于账户	Tendermint	EVM	Solidity
Fabric v0.6.0	联盟链	基于键值	PBFT	Docker容器	Go, Java
Fabric v1.0.0	联盟链	基于键值	用户定制的	Docker容器	Go, Java
Sawtooth	联盟链	基于键值	PoET	本地执行	Python
Tbaas	联盟链	基于账户	用户定制的	Docker容器	JavaScript
BigchainDB	联盟链	基于交易	Quorum Voting	本地执行	Python, Crypto-Conditions
Corda	联盟链	基于交易	Raft	JVM	Kotlin, Java
BCS	联盟链	基于账户	用户定制的	Docker容器	GoLang
Parity	私有链	基于账户	PoA	EVM	Solidity, Serpent, LLL
Multichain	私有链	基于交易	PoW	本地执行	C++
HydraChain	私有链	基于账户	PBFT	EVM	Solidity, Serpent, LLL

项目	智能合约技术	智能合约类型	智能合约编程语言
Hyperledger Burrow	智能合约应用引擎	链上智能合约	本地语言代码
Hyperledger Fabric	链上代码	安装的智能合约	Go（大于v1.0）、Javascript（大于v1.1）
Hyperledger Indy	无	无	无
Hyperledger Iroha	链上代码	链上智能合约	本地语言代码
Hyperledger Sawtooth	交易集合	安装的智能合约和链上智能合约	JavaScript, C++, Java, Go, Python, Rust, Solidity