信息网络安全

信息网络安全 ›› 2025, Vol. 25 ›› Issue (8): 1302-1312.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-1122.2025.08.010

• 技术研究 • 上一篇    下一篇

基于RBF机制的无痕区块链隐蔽通信方案

佘维1,2,3,4, 马天祥1,4, 冯海格3,4, 刘炜1,4()   

  1. 1.郑州大学网络空间安全学院，郑州 450002
    2.嵩山实验室，郑州 450002
    3.郑州大学计算机与人工智能学院，郑州 450002
    4.郑州市区块链与数据智能重点实验室，郑州 450002
  • 收稿日期:2024-05-28 出版日期:2025-08-10 发布日期:2025-09-09
  • 通讯作者: 刘炜 E-mail:wliu@zzu.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:佘维（1977—），男，湖南，教授，博士，CCF会员，主要研究方向为区块链技术、信息安全和智能系统|马天祥（2000—），男，河北，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为区块链技术和信息安全|冯海格（2000—），女，河南，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为区块链技术和信息安全|刘炜（1981—），男，河南，教授，博士，主要研究方向为区块链技术、信息安全和智慧医疗
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划(31703-3);嵩山实验室预研项目(YYYY022022003)

Tracing-Free Blockchain Covert Communication Method Based on RBF Mechanism

SHE Wei1,2,3,4, MA Tianxiang1,4, FENG Haige3,4, LIU Wei1,4()   

  1. 1. School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
    2. Songshan Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China
    3. School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
    4. Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Intelligence, Zhengzhou 450002, China
  • Received:2024-05-28 Online:2025-08-10 Published:2025-09-09

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摘要：

针对现有区块链隐蔽通信技术存在的载密交易信息永久存储、提取效率低、嵌入强度不足及隐蔽性差等问题，文章提出一种基于比特币交易替换（RBF）机制的解决方案。首先，发送方对秘密信息进行Base64编码，并通过建立码值与交易手续费率的映射关系，利用交易费率传递秘密信息，显著提升单笔交易的信息嵌入容量；然后，发送方在载密交易被确认前，通过RBF机制生成替代交易并废弃原始载密交易，最终仅使替代交易上链，实现载密交易的零留存，从而避免信息永久存储带来的安全风险；‘后，接收方通过追踪载密交易的发送地址，实时监听交易状态，在原始交易被废弃前快速查询并提取嵌入信息。实验结果表明，该方法平均每字节信息的嵌入与提取时间从分钟级缩短至秒级，单笔交易的平均信息嵌入量达到6比特。该系统在隐蔽性和抗溯源能力上显著优于现有方案。

关键词: 隐蔽通信, 区块链, 比特币, RBF机制, 派生关系

Abstract:

Addressing the limitations of existing blockchain-based covert communication techniques-such as permanent storage of steganographic transaction data, low extraction efficiency, insufficient embedding strength, and poor covertness, this paper proposed an innovative solution based on bitcoin's replace-by-fee (RBF) mechanism. Firstly, the sender encoded the secret message using Base64 and established a mapping between code values and transaction fee rates, leveraging the fee rate to transmit the covert data. This significantly enhances the information embedding capacity per transaction.Secondly, before the steganographic transaction was confirmed, the sender generated a replacement transaction using RBF and abandoned the original steganographic transaction, ensuring only the replacement transaction was recorded on the blockchain. This achieves “zero retention” of steganographic transactions, eliminating security risks associated with permanent data storage. At last, the receiver tracks the sender's address and monitors transaction status in real time. By querying and extracting the embedded information before the original transaction was discarded. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method reduces embedding and extraction time from minutes to seconds per byte of information, with an average embedding capacity of 6 bits per transaction. The system outperforms existing solutions in both covertness and anti-traceability.

Key words: covert communication, blockchain, bitcoin, RBF mechanism, derivation relationship

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