ASCON-based lightweight industrial IoT authentication scheme resistant to implicit attacks

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1671-1122.2026.08.011

Abstract

Abstract:

Industrial 5.0 centered on human-machine collaboration, green efficiency, and resilient manufacturing. It’s underlying industrial IoT faced high real-time demands, lightweight constraints and distributed collaboration requirements, alongside security risks including resource-limited terminals, vulnerable human-machine interaction links and single-point failures of centralized authentication architectures. Existing protocols failed to adapt to the fog-edge-cloud collaborative framework and low-power green design standards of Industry 5.0, and they could not effectively defend against complex implicit attacks. To address scenario-specific demands and technical characteristics of Industry 5.0, this paper proposed a customized lightweight authentication protocol. It deeply integrated Physically Unclonable Functions, the NIST-standard lightweight cipher ASCON, consortium blockchain and three-factor authentication. The scheme combined fog nodes’ edge computing capacity, blockchain’s distributed trust and ASCON’s low-cost encryption/decryption advantages with human-machine collaboration scenarios of Industry 5.0, and it constructed a dedicated network architecture matching the fog-edge-cloud hierarchy. The authors defined multiple attack types based on the DY and CK threat models and adopted the strongest implicit attack model to verify security performances. Formal proofs under the ROR model and informal security analyses were conducted.Results show that the protocol satisfies core security properties including mutual authentication, user anonymity and forward secrecy under various implicit attacks. Performance comparisons and scenario-based tests prove that the proposed scheme meets the core requirements of Industry 5.0 featuring low computational overhead, low communication latency and low energy consumption while maintaining robust security. It delivers reliable secure communication support for device interaction and remote control in human-machine collaborative manufacturing.

Key words: implicit attacks, industry 5.0, blockchain, physical unclonable functions, authentication

CLC Number:

TP309

Liu Zhefan, Guo Yajun, Guo Yimin, Zhao Sufen. ASCON-based lightweight industrial IoT authentication scheme resistant to implicit attacks[J]. Netinfo Security, 2026, 26(8): 1308-1326.

Figures/Tables 12

References 71

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条目	单一攻击
SA₁	敌手具有控制信道的能力，其中包括窃听、拦截、修改、重放和伪造消息的能力
SA₂	敌手可以获取特定于会话的临时秘密（如随机数）
SA₃	敌手可以获取到长期秘密（如预共享的对称密钥和私钥）
SA₄	敌手可以捕获用户设备，提取其中的信息
SA₅	敌手可以捕获物联网设备，提取其中的信息
SA₆	敌手可以获取注册阶段用户提交的信息$\text{(S}{{\text{A}}_{\text{6-1}}}\text{)}$，敌手可以获取雾节点中存放的设备信息$\text{(S}{{\text{A}}_{\text{6-2}}}\text{)}$
SA₇	敌手可以发起离线密码猜测攻击

条目	安全属性	形式化攻击标识	隐式攻击
SP₁	双向认证与密钥协商：参与实体能够相互认证身份，并生成用于用户和智能设备间安全通信的会话密钥	Att₁/Att₂	[SA₁, SA₂, SA₆, SA₇]or [SA₁, SA₃, SA₆, SA₇]
SP₂	抗重放攻击：协议能够检测并拒绝被重播的消息	Att₁/Att₂	[SA₁, SA₂, SA₆, SA₇]or [SA₁, SA₃, SA₆, SA₇]
SP₃	抗中间人攻击：攻击者无法通过修改截获的消息，且让接收者相信攻击者是真实的发送者	Att₁/Att₂	[SA₁, SA₂, SA₆, SA₇]or [SA₁, SA₃, SA₆, SA₇]
SP₄	抗冒充攻击：攻击者无法假冒任何一方，与合法的另一方进行通信	Att₃/Att₄/Att₅	[SA₁, SA₂, SA₄/SA₅/SA_6-2, SA₇]or[SA₁, SA₃/SA₄/SA₅, SA₇]or [SA₁, SA₃/SA₆, SA₇]
SP₅	抗离线密码猜测攻击：敌手可以发起离线密码猜测攻击，但不能验证猜测的密码是否正确	Att₆	[SA₁, SA₄, SA₆, SA₇]
SP₆	会话密钥安全性：敌手无法计算出通信实体间建立的会话密钥	Att₃/Att₄/Att₅	[SA₁, SA₂, SA₄/SA₅/SA_6-2, SA₇]or [SA₁, SA₃/SA₄/SA₅, SA₇]or [SA₁, SA₃/SA₆, SA₇]
SP₇	完美前向保密：即使敌手获取了会话密钥，也无法推断出先前建立的会话密钥	Att₇	[SA₁, SA₃]
SP₈	匿名性：攻击者无法获得用户的真实的身份且无法将两个信息关联至同一个实体	Att₁/Att₂	[SA₁, SA₂, SA₆, SA₇]or [SA₁, SA₃, SA₆, SA₇]
SP₉	抗去同步化攻击：协议可有效防止攻击者通过干扰认证状态或会话同步，导致通信双方失去同步并中断正常通信的能力	Att₁/Att₂	[SA₁, SA₂, SA₆, SA₇]or [SA₁, SA₃, SA₆, SA₇]

符号	定义
U_i, FN_u, SD_j	第i个用户，第u个雾节点和第j个智能设备
MD_i	第i个用户的移动设备
BIO_i, PW_i	用户U_i的指纹和密码
ID_i, ID_j	用户U_i和智能设备SD_j的身份
TID_i, PID_i, PID_j	用户U_i的临时身份，伪身份和智能设备SD_j的伪身份
X	RA之间的共享密钥
X_i	U_i和FN_u之间共享的长期秘密
X_j	SD_j和FN_u之间共享的长期秘密
Gen(·)	模糊抽取器的生成函数
Rep(·)	模糊提取器的再现函数
σ_i	U_i的生物特征密钥
τ_i	U_i的公共再生参数
t_i,?t_i	时间戳和最大传输延迟
a_i,b_i, n_i	随机数
RT_i, RT_j	U_i和SD_j的注册时间戳
SK	会话密钥
h(·)	密码哈希函数
\|\|,⊕	连接符和异或运算
PUF(·)	物理不可克隆函数
C, R	PUF的输入挑战和输出响应
CT	通过ASCON计算出的密文
PT	通过ASCON计算出的明文
MAC	通过ASCON计算出的消息认证码

查询	具有的能力
$Execute\text{(}\mathop{\prod }_{{{U}_{i}}}^{i}\text{ }\!\!~\!\!\text{ }$, $\mathop{\prod }_{F{{N}_{u}}}^{u}\text{ }\!\!~\!\!\text{ }$,$\mathop{\prod }_{S{{D}_{j}}}^{j}\text{ }\!\!~\!\!\text{)}$	敌手A拥有窃听实例之间交换的所有消息的能力
$Send\text{(}\mathop{\prod }_{X}^{t}\text{ }\!\!~\!\!\text{)}$	当敌手A向实例发送一个消息时，该实例也会对敌手A发送响应消息
$Reveal\text{(}\mathop{\prod }_{X}^{t}\text{ }\!\!~\!\!\text{)}$	敌手A可以获取到实例间的会话密钥
$Corrupt\text{(}\mathop{\prod }_{{{U}_{i}}}^{i}\text{ }\!\!~\!\!\text{)}$	当用户的移动设备被捕获时，敌手A可以提取出存储在移动设备中的信息
$Corrupt\text{(}\mathop{\prod }_{S{{D}_{j}}}^{j}\text{ }\!\!~\!\!\text{)}$	当智能设备被捕获时，敌手A可以提取出储存在智能设备中的信息
$Corrupt\text{(}\mathop{\prod }_{F{{N}_{u}}}^{u}\text{ }\!\!~\!\!\text{)}$	当雾节点被捕获时，敌手A可以获取到储存在雾节点中的信息
$Test\text{(}\mathop{\prod }_{X}^{t}\text{ }\!\!~\!\!\text{)}$	在实验开始时投掷一个均匀的硬币b。当b=1时，$Test$查询返回真实的会话密钥。当b=0时，$Test$查询返回一个与会话密钥长度相等的随机数。这两个条件仅在实例$\mathop{\prod }_{X}^{t}\text{ }\!\!~\!\!\text{ }$的会话密钥已经建立且是新鲜的时才成立。否则，将返回未定义的符号$\bot $
$ImplicitAttack\text{(}At{{t}_{x}}\text{)}$	敌手A可发起表2中形式化攻击标识$At{{t}_{x}}$对应的隐式攻击，模拟多显式攻击组合的隐式攻击行为

安全属性	文献[41] 方案	文献[67] 方案	文献[68] 方案	文献[69] 方案	本文方案
SP₁	√	√	√	√	√
SP₂	√	√	√	√	√
SP₃	×	×	×	√	√
SP₄	×	×	×	√	√
SP₅	×	√	不适用	√	√
SP₆	×	×	×	×	√
SP₇	√	√	√	√	√
SP₈	√	√	√	×	√
SP₉	√	×	√	√	√
SP₁₀	×	×	×	×	√
SP₁₁	×	×	×	×	√