多模态网络中的路由技术与协议研究综述

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1671-1122.2025.10.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着多模态网络在统一基础设施上并发运行，不同通信范式之间的差异性和复杂性日益凸显，同时也对路径可信性与路由安全性提出了更高要求。文章对多模态网络中的路由技术与协议进行了系统综述，围绕内容导向、身份导向、地理导向、IP 导向与算力导向等代表性模态，总结了其路由模式、路径构建方式及主要特征，并比较了各自的适用场景与安全考量。NDN 模态强调内容自带安全，IP 模态发展了 BGP-SEC 与 RPKI 来保障路径完整性，跨模态环境中则出现了可信路由、路径加密与随机化等技术以增强可靠性与抗攻击能力。在此基础上，文章进一步探讨了模态动态加载、标识共存与网络编译等跨模态协同机制，并展望了面向可信路径构建与可验证网络服务的研究方向。文章的目标在于为未来多模态网络的路由体系提供结构化参考，推动其向更高效、更安全的下一代网络演进。

关键词: 多模态网络, 路由协议, 可信路由, 路径验证, 内生安全

Abstract:

As polymorphic networks operate concurrently over a unified infrastructure, the heterogeneity and complexity among network modals become increasingly salient, raising stronger requirements for path trustworthiness and routing security. This paper presented a systematic survey of routing technologies and protocols in polymorphic networks. We reviewed representative network modals—content-centric, identity-centric, geographic-oriented, IP-oriented, and compute-oriented—summarizing their routing patterns, path-construction methods, and key characteristics, and contrasting their application scenarios together with security considerations. In particular, NDN embodied data-centric security; the IP modal had evolved BGP-SEC and RPKI to protect path integrity; and cross-modal settings had introduced trusted routing, path encryption, and path ran-domization to enhance reliability and resilience against attacks. Building on these observations, we further discussed cross-modal coordination mechanisms such as dynamic loading of network modals, identifier coexistence, and network compilation, and outlined research directions toward trustworthy path construction and verifiable network services. The goal of this survey is to provide a structured reference for the design of routing systems in polymorphic networks and to support their evolution toward a more efficient and secure next-generation network.

Key words: polymorphic networks, routing protocols, trusted routing, path verification, endogenous security

中图分类号:

TP309

兰佳晨, 陈夏润, 周杨凯, 文伟平. 多模态网络中的路由技术与协议研究综述[J]. 信息网络安全, 2025, 25(10): 1506-1522.

LAN Jiachen, CHEN Xiarun, ZHOU Yangkai, WEN Weiping. A Survey of Routing Technologies and Protocols in Polymorphic Networks[J]. Netinfo Security, 2025, 25(10): 1506-1522.

图/表 8

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表1

多模态网络典型协议在路由机制方面的比较

模态	协议及其改进	路由机制特征	拥塞控制
内容导向	NDN	Interest/Data驱动的逐跳路径回溯，FIB、PIT与CS三表联动	缓存驱动+数据副本机制
	NLSR	内容前缀链路状态广播驱动全网拓扑发现，扩展OSPF模型	无直接机制
	LBNDN	基于延迟、丢包和负载的策略转发机制，多路径动态选择与副本适配	拥塞反馈辅助副本调度
身份导向	MFRP	GUID/NA映射+GNRS全局解析，基于身份的路径映射与快速切换	快速路径重绑定机制
	ILSP	身份/定位分离设计，通过映射更新实现路径解耦与灵活选择	路径变动时保持标识映射稳定
	NDM	基于GUID的名字解析与内容驱动的动态路由，支持多源、缓存数据拉取	路径重构支持副本/ 缓存调度
地理导向	GPSR	贪婪路径选择，逐跳转发至最近邻节点	无显式机制，存在局部最小问题
	GeRaF	贪婪路径失败时自动切换区域广播回退，提高路径可达性	局部广播缓解节点拥塞
	GeoGRID	以网格为单位进行分区域转发，简化地理寻址与路径构建	网格内调度优化拥塞路径
IP 导向	OSPF	链路状态广播+SPF最短路径计算，全网拓扑一致驱动路由决策	快速收敛，等价多路径负载均衡，支持分层区域设计
	BGP	基于AS路径向量传播，策略驱动的跨域路径选择与聚合	冗余路径支持但收敛慢
	RIP/RIPng	跳数广播进行路径传播，逐跳更新构建路由表	简单，开销小，收敛慢；适用小型、拓扑结构简单的网络
算力导向	COR	基于节点算力状态、任务需求进行路径调度，资源感知式选择最优路径	任务驱动+状态反馈+实时重路由
	TOR/ETOR	考虑任务优先级、实时性，融合调度与多目标路径选择	负载均衡+优先级感知策略
	RAR	路径选择结合网络负载、内存与算力监控，自适应动态路由策略	实时反馈与资源感知调控

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协议	路由收敛时间	路由开销	关键性能指标	影响因素
OSPF	快，通常小于10s，结合BFD 可小于1s	较高，LSA 泛洪导致 CPU 和内存占用高	带宽利用率高	网络规模、区域划分、计时器配置
BGP	慢，秒级到数分钟	较低，增量更新，但路由表规模较大	策略控制能力强，可扩展性较高	路由策略复杂性、网络稳定性
NDN / NLSR	较快，基于 AI 的Q-NDN 拥塞控制被证实能快速收敛	状态维护开销大，PIT表膨胀问题	兴趣满足率、内容检索时延	缓存策略、内容流行度、拓扑结构
GPSR	不适用，无状态协议，无需全局收敛	较低，仅需维护一跳邻居信息，但信标广播产生开销	数据包交付率，路由开销	节点密度、移动性、地理环境
MFRP	快，通过GNRS 更新映射实现快速切换	依赖于GNRS的解析开销和更新频率	移动性支持能力	GNRS系统性能、节点移动速度
COR / TOR	动态，依赖于任务调度和资源状态，实时重路由	较高，需要频繁感知和通告计算资源状态	任务完成时延、资源利用率	计算任务特征、资源负载变化频率